Lebron James - 1598 Words

Joe Matela Mullins Green/1 April 13, 2012 Rough Draft They inbound the ball, he takes it past mid-court with only 2 seconds left; he dribbles to the three-point line and somehow gets the shot off. It goes in! They win the hard-fought game by nailing the buzzer-beater; this is just one of the 17 game-winning shots that LeBron James has made in his short, eight-year career to give his team the lead in the final seconds of the game. LeBron James is just one of the many athletes that play the exciting game of American Basketball, a fast-paced sport that is extremely entertaining and viewed by an abundance of people through-out the globe. There have been, there are, and there will be many individuals who play the game of basketball very†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"James’ basketball coach at the time, Frankie Walker, offered to school LeBron and give him a nice home until his mother Gloria was able to afford to take care of him,† (â€Å"LeBron James: American Basketball player.† Newsmakers 1). During t hese tough times, LeBron formed an immense admiration towards his mother. During an Interview, James said, â€Å"My mother is my everything. Always has been. Always will be,† (â€Å"LeBron James: American†1). â€Å"Toward the end of elementary school, LeBron found a true stabilizing influence in his life: basketball,† (â€Å"LeBron James: American Basketball player.† Newsmakers 1). He first started playing basketball when he was about nine years old with a team called the Hornets at the Summit Lake Community Center (Bissinger 17). In 8th grade, LeBron joined an Amateur Athletic Union team called the, â€Å"Shooting Stars,† coached by Dru Joyce, a graduate from Ohio University, (â€Å"LeBron James: American Basketball player.† Newsmakers 1). Also on the team was Coach Dru’s son, nicknamed, â€Å"Little Dru,† who would later become one of LeBron’s best friends (Bissinger 20). The Shooting Stars would continue on to win a handful of national tournament catching the attention of many recruiters. James’ and his team were later invited to a private Catholic school, St. Vincent- St. Mary high school in Akron, Ohio, (â€Å"LeBron James: American Basketball player.† Newsmakers 1). Even Keith Dambrot put Coach Dru on the staff because of what he did with the, â€Å"FabShow MoreRelatedBiography of LeBron James Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesWhen LeBron James was born, nobody would have guessed that he would have been the one to go all the way to the NBA and perform like he does. He has amazing talent and he knows how to use it. And whats so amazing about how he went all the way to the NBA, is he was living in a state of poverty with trouble all around him and still managed to make it tontine big times.Even though the odds of how he lived were against him, LeBron James managed to put his talent first and become one of the best basketballRead MoreLebron James and Kobe Bryant Essay example1037 Wo rds   |  5 PagesLebron James and Kobe Bryant are two of the most explosive players in the NBA today. Each player has his own playing style that separates him from the rest of the league. Both players have their own career achievements, endorsements, and personal life stories behind the game. If you ask anybody, the comparison between these two players is great. It is a never ending debate between who is better because both players have something different to bring to the table. Side by side on paper, both playersRead MoreEssay Lebron James Best Player in World1382 Words   |  6 PagesSpecific purpose: To persuade my audience about how LeBron James is the best basketball player in the world. Central Idea: LeBron James is the best basketball player by his scoring ability, his athleticism, and his world-class defense. Introduction Imagine you are in the stands of a Miami Heat game watching the greatest player of the game Lebron James play. One minute you see in chasing down a defender to block him. Then next you see him running a fast break down the court flying throughRead MoreThe Legendary Lebron James1641 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as Lebron James has been through what most kids can’t even imagine. Lebron grew up without a father and moved from house to house, but now he is one of the most successful men in the world. On April 4, 2014 Lebron is the youngest player ever to reach 23,000 career points in the National Basketball Association (NBA), beating Michael, Kareem, and Kobe to this amazing achievement Lebron still thanks his mother for what she fought through to get him to where he is at now. Gloria James was onlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Lebron James917 Words   |  4 Pagesthe memo to be more competitive, right? Guess again. With stars like Jimmy Butler, Paul George and Paul Millsap heading West, the balance of power continues to shift westward. LeBron James is arguably the best play in the Association, but while he resides in the East, most of the top players are on West teams. Aside James, Kyrie Irving, DeMar DeRozan, John Wall, Kevin Love, Kyle Lowry, Al Horford, Derrick Rose, Dwight Howard and Dwyane Wade are the only players in the East that have made three orRead MoreCase Study Of Lebron James1570 Words   |  7 PagesMusaab Nadeem LeBron Could Be a Laker Years ago it seemed like an impossibility, but LeBron James could end up a Los Angeles Laker in less than a year from now. In a summer full of surprising moves, it makes sense that we should continue to expect the unexpected; and a signing that puts LeBron James in a Lakers uniform is no longer out of the realm of possibility. LeBron to the Lakers is a two-fold process though, and each fold contains a number of different elements thatRead MoreIs Michael Jordan Or Lebron James?1572 Words   |  7 Pagesof NBA today is whether Michael Jordan or LeBron James is the best player to ever be a part of this association. James began his career with the Cleveland Cavaliers and currently plays for the Miami Heat. Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls for most of his career; however, he played for the Washington Wizard’s from age 38 to 40. According to the New York Times, Jordan announced his retirement in Chicago on January 13th of 1999 (D8). Although LeBron James is one of the best playe rs to be currentlyRead MoreThe Rise Of A Star : Lebron James1295 Words   |  6 Pagesfascinated with the Cleveland Cavaliers star player, LeBron James. His impeccable skills improving every game to his fancy pair of shoes initialed LBJ also different every game always seemed to amaze me more. I was in the library one evening and started to think about my favorite basketball player LeBron James and thought that I should read about him. I found the book The Rise of a Star: LeBron James and it was very fascinating learning about LeBron, because he grew up and was always in the spotlightRead MoreThe American Dream By Thomas Wolfe1556 Words   |  7 Pagesweren t the â€Å"same†. LeBron James is the American Dream, he has succeeded with what he loves and has accomplished many things with the support of his family and friends. Lebron James, arguably one of the best athletes in the world currently, went from rags to riches by playing the sport he loved, basketball. Lebron was born in Akron, Ohio to Gloria James and Anthony McClelland. According to espn.com, McClelland was not a part of Gloria s life and would leave her to raise Lebron by herself, at theRead MoreMichael Jordan And Lebron James881 Words   |  4 PagesOn every level of basketball there are players that have shined on and off the court, this is true for two great players like Michael Jordan and LeBron James. The debate over who is the best player between these two great athletes, has divided sports fans since LeBron earned his first Finals Championship. For many years Michael Jordan has been seen as one of the greatest player to ever play the game of basketball. Michael Jordan was first drafted into the NBA by the Chicago Bulls as the third

The Medical Management Of Alzheimer s Disease - 2536 Words

Dementia is a syndrome of gradual onset and continuing decline of higher cognitive functioning (Alderman and Daly, 2005, p.1745). The term dementia is derived from Latin word demens (meaning without mind). Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a most common form of dementia and a neurodegenerative disease with more than 25 million cases worldwide. The disease was first described by Alios Alzheimer a German physician in 1906 and published it in 1907 under the title â€Å"A characteristic serious disease of the cerebral cortex† (Cipriani, Dolciotti, Picchi Bonuccelli, 2009, p.277). This paper is going to reflect the pathophysiology, incidence, etiology, clinical manifestations, prognosis and a brief overview of the medical management of Alzheimer’s disease. According to U.S Census Bureau the total number of people with AD is projected to be 13.8 million by 2050 with 7.0 million people with 85 or older (AACN , 2013, p.17). According to Shampo, Kyle, Steensma the first known case was a 51 year old female who had progressive memory loss and she died after 5 years (2013). The implications of pharmacological treatment and physical therapy in a patient with AD will also be discussed in this paper. Pathophysiology The mechanism of the disease is largely unknown but the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the basis for the pathophysiology of AD. According to Armstrong â€Å"senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) have been regarded as the â€Å"signature† pathological lesions of Alzheimer’sShow MoreRelatedAlzheimer s Disease Is The Most Significant Risk Factor1074 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer s Disease Abstract Alzheimer’s disease currently represents the second leading cause of death in people older than 65 years residing in the modern world. (1) Census records attest to this assertion, which has prompted medical researchers to further investigate the etiology and course of development of the disease in order to better treat the debilitating condition. This paper investigates how Alzheimer’s entered the medical lexicon and how its definition has shifted over the past centuryRead MoreEarly Onset Of Alzheimer s Disease1742 Words   |  7 Pagescommon form of dementia is Alzheimer s. Alzheimer s disease literally eats and attacks the human brain (Overview). It is a progressive disease that causes the brain cells to degenerate and die, which causes memory loss and affects other important mental functions (Mayo). Today in America, over five million Americans are living with Alzheimer s disease and someone develops Alzheimer s disease every 67 seconds in the United States. (Ove rview). A form of Alzheimer s diseases is early onset. EarlyRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Degenerative Disease Of The Brain981 Words   |  4 PagesAlzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that gradually destroys brain cells, affecting a person’s memory and their ability to learn, make judgments, communicate and carry out basic daily activities. The disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain. It was first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1905 (Selkoe, 2016). The average life expectancy of an Alzheimers patient is between five and ten years, but some patients today have live for up to 15 years afterRead MoreMedical Management Decisions And The Plan Of Care Decisions Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesAlzheimer’s is a chronic medical neurodegenerative disease, therefore is a neurological illness which departures the brain cells, causing it to act in memory loss and mental failure. Early-onsets Alzheimer’s can be noticed in an individual beginning from ages 40-50s. Statistics show that of the 5.4 million Americans with Alzheimer s, an estimated 5.2 million people are age 65 and older, and approximately 200,000 individuals are under age 65 (Alzheimer’s Association, n.d.). The course of this disorderRead MoreAlzheimerS Disease: The Biggest Culprit. AlzheimerS Disease1561 Words   |  7 PagesAlzheimer s Disease: The Biggest Culprit Alzheimer s disease is a progressive deterioration of cognitive function sufficient to cause functional disability (Hannaman, Mitchell, Cross, 2011). It is the most common cause of dementia after age 60 with initial signs reflective of hippocampal dysfunction, with poor immediate recall and short-term memory. As the disease progresses, visuospatial dysfunction (including with directions and geographic disorientation), due to parietal lobe involvement,Read MoreAlzheimers Disease1334 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s Disease Brittany Mathis HCS/245 July 14,2013 Tynan Weed Abstract Alzheimer’s has many causes and affects each patient differently. There have been studies done that have found that older African American’s are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s than older whites. A cause of Alzheimer’s has not been completely identified yet, but genetic and environmental factors are known to increase the risk. While we all know that Alzheimer’s is a complicated disease there areRead MoreSymptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment And Social / Economic Importance Of Alzheimer s Disease1380 Words   |  6 PagesAlzheimer’s disease A disease is a medical condition that affects a living organism either physically, mentally or emotionally. It is basically a condition involving a pathological process along with a set of various symptoms; some easily noticeable whereas others quite difficult to detect, making their treatment process slower. (Healio.com, 2012) Nevertheless, the social and economic impacts followed by the diagnosis of the disease are generally quite drastic. Among the various types of diseases, certainRead MorePatients Health Of Medical Marijuana1733 Words   |  7 Pages Patients’ Health Utilizing Medical Marijuana Karen Mak Rutgers University Introduction to Research Methods, Fall 2016 Abstract The following study proposal would review the results of the overall health outcomes of patients who replaced pharmaceutical treatment with medical marijuana. The study will look at the improvements in meal consumption, Clinical Global Impression scores, Pittsburgh Agitation Scale, and the decrease in the symptom being monitored. The studies being reviewedRead MoreA Study On Alzheimer s Disease1136 Words   |  5 Pagesa dangerous, gradual, and deteriorative ailment, dementia, particularly named Alzheimer s disease. This disease develops as an irregular malfunction which ultimately leads to death. Alzheimer’s disease was found by Dr. Alois Alzheimer, a German physician. A woman of middle age passed away years after she was diagnosed with psychological decayment and confusion that was accompanied with loss of memory. Dr. Alzheimer realized there was an unusual arrangement in the nerve cells while observing herRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Disease1663 Words   |  7 Pages Alzheimer s disease is a progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. At first, someone with Alzheimer s disease may notice mild confusion and difficulty remembering. Eventually, people with the disease may even forget important people in their lives and undergo dramatic personality changes. Alzheimer s disease is the most common cause of dementia — a group of brain disorders that cause the loss of intellectual and social skills. In Alzheimer s disease, the

Describe the Work of One Entrepreneur Free Essays

string(72) " the airline into financial crisis as the repairing cost was very high\." Describe the work of one entrepreneur. What innovations did he/she bring to the world? What were the risks involved? What were the difficulties? What failures did he/she encounter? How did he/she react to the risks, difficulties, and failures? What are the major lessons to be learnt? Richard Branson is a very unique entrepreneur as he is known by his humorous characters and as he is the founder of the Virgin Group which has more than 400 companies underneath nowadays. Today, Branson is the fourth richest man in the Unites Kingdom with his billions of wealth. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe the Work of One Entrepreneur or any similar topic only for you Order Now The road to success for him is extraordinary due to his own characteristics which makes him so much different from other entrepreneur. Branson started his business in the music industry as he set up Virgin Records which was a chain selling records at the very beginning. Later, he started to expand his business to different fields like airline, telecommunication, trains and even food industry. He as the founder and the chairman of the Virgin Group has displayed a very bold character in making business decisions and what he had done may seem silly or unbelievable from the eyes of the public or other entrepreneur as he may have depart from ordinary routine. Back in the early days, the Virgin had done something bold and somehow rebellious – signing the Sex Pistols which was a controversial rock band in the UK at that time while other companies did not want to sign them. This act might seem foolish to people at that time. However, the Sex Pistols turned out to be an iconic band with huge impact to the world and the Virgin had helped the public to expose to such extraordinary music and culture. After his groups of companies became successful and on the track, he did not stop being creative and bold as he set up a space tourism company in 2004 aiming to offer space travel experience for customers. With his wealth and fame, he did not solely pursue profit maximization as he started to invest in research for environmentally friendly fuel and tried to offer cheaper and environmentally friendly fuel to the general public. As a successful entrepreneur, Branson had fulfilled his social responsibility by bringing changes to the society. One the other hand, Branson is good at promoting the whole Virgin Group brand image. He made himself like a star by having cameos on television show to increase his own fame. Moreover, he even had his own television reality show called The Rebel Billionaire: Branson’s Quest for the Best to get himself more exposure to the public. His is very successful in making himself the soul of the Virgin Group as people equal Branson to the Virgin Group in their minds. He has started a brand-new and unique way of marketing strategy. Despite the huge success of the Virgin Group, there must be risk involved especially the Virgin Group involves hundreds of companies. Branson admitted that big and creative ideas also mean big risks. For example his business ventures in train industry and space travel industry includes huge risks. However, he is very bold and is willing to take risk because he believes that you can gain nothing if you don’t venture. With all these risks includes in his ventures which may bring him millions dollars of lost, he is still very bold in taking risk nowadays despite his failures in the past. Of course he has failed a lot in the past as the Virgin Group has attempted in entering almost every industry in the world, and some may not work out. In a sharing session, Branson recalled that his subordinates panicked after knowing that he wanted to enter the airline industry as the Virgin Group was only a record label at that time. However, ‘To be a true entrepreneur you’ve got to take bold risk throughout your life’ he said during the session which explains his frequent attempts in expanding his business in different fields. But, of course, he did not blindly take any risk and lost million dollars as he added ‘But you’ve got to make sure you protect the downside. ’ As a risk taker, Branson is also a risk manager as he has set 300 separated limited companies as firewalls between companies in the group to prevent catastrophic consequence if one of the companies has problem. Thus, he has sound system within the groups of companies to prevent a company with disaster to bring down other companies. He suggested that people have to prepare for failure before taking risk and also learn from mistakes made otherwise it will be insane to do the same thing over and over again and expect something different. He sees making mistakes as an important step leading to success as he can learn things from them. Thus, failures did not stop him from venturing but help him build up success instead. In addition, Branson may sometimes engage in some challenges that seems to be unachievable. This is because he believes that there may be a chance for achieving it if he strives to transcend his own limit. He gives every risk he takes a meaning so that he said ‘Every risk is worth taking as long as it’s for a good cause, and contributes to a good life. ’ In the early days of Virgin Airline, there was a hard time for Branson to keep this airline company to survive in the market as there were many obstacles and difficulties waiting for him to tackle. At the very beginning, he needed to fight against the British Airways which was already the market leader at that time which was a very keen, difficult, long and costly competition. Unfortunately, there was an incident happened during the government certification flight as there was a bird flying into an engine which led to explosion. This incident had got the airline into financial crisis as the repairing cost was very high. You read "Describe the Work of One Entrepreneur" in category "Papers" In the meantime, growing fuel price and economic downturn had made it even harsher for Virgin Airline to survive. As a result, Branson had to sell the Virgin Music Group in exchange for the survival of the Virgin Airline to get through the hard time. Branson as the chairman of the company had shown the conceptual in-sight of a successful entrepreneur to make the right decision in the face of difficulties and adversities. Not only did he face difficulties before being successful, but also after his success. In an interview, Branson mentioned that he tried to bring business leaders in the world to think of not just profit maximization but also social responsibilities. He thinks they can use their power to help solve different problems in the world other than the business field ones in order to make a better world. He is more and more concerned about problems happening in the world and is trying to help tackle them. He is especially concerned about global warming as he had even hosted a meeting concerning global warming at his own island. He gathered world leaders and celebrities including Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the UK, together to discuss the matter. He tried to bring the issue under spotlight to arouse people’s awareness on this matter. However, he has encountered some difficulties while doing this. He is criticized by people saying that he is insincere on his environmental awareness and care as he is running an irline business which is the most pollution-producing industry. Yet, he stated that the company is using every profit to invest in research of environmental-friendly and clean fuel and the research is in full swing. If the research is successful, more people would love to travel by Virgin Airline and the aviation industry can experience a revolutionary change by using clean fuel and emitting less and even no greenhouse gases. In this case, this would be a win-win solution for the company and the general public. Richard Branson as the legendary founder and chairman of the Virgin Group displays what is a good and successful entrepreneur. His success is not coincidence but his constant endeavor and learning over years. And he is willing to share his way to success and inspire many people. He advocates people to break the rules and think out of the box which make a person different by dare to think and do something different from others by using creativity. One of his beliefs that inspire me the most is that you have to be bold to take risk and get something done other than sitting there all day and just think due to the fear of failing. And his love of his work is also another great inspiration as people should be passionate about what they are doing to be successful which is applicable to works in all fields. At the end of the essay, I would like to end with one of his most inspiring quote of Branson – ‘You don’t learn to walk by following rules. You learn by doing, and by falling over. ’ Reference: Richard Branson: Knight of Big Ideas – Disaster: Big Ideas Also Mean Big Risks http://www. inc. com/leigh-buchanan-and-andrew-maclean/richard-branson-risk. html James Thomson. Richard Branson on risk. Entrepreneur Watch. July 8, 2011. http://www. smartcompany. com. u/entrepreneur-watch/20110708-richard-branson-on-risk. html Jeremy Hobson. Sir Richard Branson on solving the world’s tough problems. Marketplace Morning Report for Friday. April 27, 2012. http://www. marketplace. org/topics/business/sir-richard-branson-solving-worlds-tough-problems-0 Mary Vinnedge. Richard Branson: Vi rgin Entrepreneur. SUCCESS magazine. 2009. http://www. success. com/articles/712-richard-branson-virgin-entrepreneur | | The Chinese University of Hong Kong| | | | Academic Honesty Declaration Statement| | Submission Details| | | | Student Name| | NG, Yan Yee (s1155033748)| | | Year and Term| 2012-2013 Term 2| | | Course| GEYS-1010– Entrepreneurial| Spirit and Social Responsibility| | Assignment Marker| Professor KWONG Kai Sun Sunny| | Submitted File Name| Describe the work of one entrepreneur. docx| | Submission Type| Individual| | | Assignment Number| 1| Due Date (provided by student)| 2013-03-15| Submission Reference Number| 667298| Submission Time| 2013-03-14 17:39:06| Agreement and Declaration on Student’s Work Submitted to VeriGuide VeriGuide is intended to help the University to assure that works submitted by students as part of course requirement are original, and that students receive the proper recognition and grades for doing so. 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However, any such reports that show the author’s identity will only be made available to teachers, administrators and relevant committees in the University with a legitimate responsibility for marking, grading, examining, degree and other awards, quality assurance, and where necessary, for student discipline. b) Anonymous archive for reference in checking that future works submitted by other students of the University are original The University will store this Work anonymously in an archive, to serve as one of the bases for comparison with future works submitted by other students of the University, in order to establish that the latter are original. For this purpose, every effort will be made to ensure this Work will be stored in a mann er that would not reveal the author’s identity, and that in exhibiting any comparison with other work, only relevant sentences/ parts of this Work with apparent similarities will be cited. In order to help the University to achieve anonymity, this Work submitted should not contain any reference to the student’s name or identity except in designated places on the front page of this Work (which will allow this information to be removed before archival). (c) Research and statistical reports The University will also use the material for research on the methodology of textual comparisons and evaluations, on teaching and learning, and for the compilation of statistical reports. For this purpose, only the anonymously archived material will be used, so that student identity is not revealed. I confirm that the above submission details are correct. I am submitting the assignment for: [ X ] an individual project OR [ ] a group project. The submission is done on behalf of all members of the group, on the understanding that ALL group members are responsible should there be any plagiarized contents. I have read the above and in submitting this Work fully agree to all the terms. I declare that this Work here submitted is original except for source material explicitly acknowledged, the same or closely related material has not been previously submitted for same or different courses, and that the submitted soft copy with details listed in the ;Submission Details; above is identical to the hard copy(ies), if any, which has(have) been / is(are) going to be submitted. I also acknowledge that I am aware of University policy and regulations on honesty in academic work, and of the disciplinary guidelines and procedures applicable to breaches of such policy and regulations, as contained in the University website ;Honesty in Academic Work: A Guide for Students and Teachers;. ______________________________| ______________________________| Signature (NG, Yan Yee)| Date| Instruction for Submitting Hard Copy / Soft Copy of the Assignment| | This signed declaration statement should be attached to the hard copy assignment or submission to the course teacher, according to the instructions as stipulated by the course teacher. If you are required to submit your assignment in soft copy only, please print out a copy of this signed declaration statement and hand it in separately to your course teacher. How to cite Describe the Work of One Entrepreneur, Papers

Haier Company Internal Analysis free essay sample

Founded in 1984, Haier has grown into an international group which is making a turnover of 135. 7 billion yuan in 2010 and employed more than seventy thousand people. Haier aims to create a world famous brand in the age of the internet that helps satisfying needs of user in a short time. â€Å"Zero-distance virtual and practical network combination† is fully combination with the internet. Haier has marketing advantages in China, which is easy to enter world market and quicker time to do service. Haier has basic principles of their internal customer: * We treat our employees with respect and trust. * Every staff has a manager who offers support, advice, and encouragement. * An interesting job in a challenging but enriching environment. * Many opportunities for our employees to advance and better themselves. Haier is the leading brand of white goods globally and most valuable brand in China. The Company has realized global revenue of 119 billion yuan. Haier Philosophy Haier follows OEC Management on employees to maintain the overall control and also to supervise employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Haier Company Internal Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page O† stands for Overall, â€Å"E† for Everyone, Everyday and Everything and â€Å"C† for Control and Clear. Besides, Haier also has a â€Å"Slope and Ball Theory† which metaphor enterprise as a ball on a slope, therefore efficient management is needed to prevent the enterprise from rolling down and creative ideas used for keeping the enterprise upward which is providing more opportunities for development. (Haier) Haier Strategy Haier guided by well known strategic called CEO Zhang Ruimin. The strategic slip up to four different stages: * Brand-building Stage * Diversifying Stage * Globalization Stage * Global Branding Strategy Stage According to Euromonitor, Haier has a market share of 5. 1 percent of white goods all over the world makes the company become a first time Chinese company to be no. 1 brand in the white goods industry. Our Innovation Haier has lead or taken part in the preparing and revising of a total 232 national standards. Haier is the only Chinese enterprise to be a member of management decision-making team of international electro-technical commission (IEC). * Enterprise spirit of â€Å"creating resources and winning global reputation† and * Work style of â€Å"individual-order combination, quick decision-making. Business model innovation of â€Å"innovation of â€Å"just-in-time model with zero inventories† based on the combination of virtual and actual networks. Haier will continue to consistently conduct innovations for the benefits of users to create a world famous brand. Our Mission â€Å"To improve the quality of life, focusing on customers, needs† (Haier) Haier†™s success is a simple and ambitious philosophy. More concrete in the attention to research and design, carried out with maximum respect for consumers and the environment. The factor of Haier Company is to achieve important goals in innovation, technology, timeliness, in sight, organization, organization, distribution capacity, solidity and high quality services. Haier has developed a corporate image campaign in Asian, aimed at creating strong brand awareness. The solution proposed, combining styling and practicality are designed to meet the needs of Asian consumers and markets. Our Vision Haier aims to do is to start with the needs of consumers and transform ourselves from a product manufacturer to a service provider, so as to ultimately provide solutions for a more comfortable life for our customers. Nowadays, people need fast-paced information era is product-based solutions for a comfortable home life. Our Spirit and Style â€Å"Creating resources and worldwide prestige†

The Book Of Job, Explained Essays - Book Of Job, Bible,

The Book Of Job, Explained The Book of Job is not simply a story, but a fable, rich with meaning and lessons to be learned. I found Job to be one of the most interesting accounts in the Bible, especially because it attempts to rationalize human suffering and the ways of the Lord. It seems to me that the idea came first, and a story was found to fit it, or one was made up, but that the entire reason for the Book of Job to be included in the Bible is for its purpose in teaching us that we must endure what troubles we are given, because it is the Will of God. I have many questions about this book, none of which can be easily answered by anyone living today: Who wrote this tale, and how did they know what took place in heaven? Did they just see Job suffering his losses, only to regain them tenfold when his faith did not swerve? These are only a few of my thoughts as I read Job, but overall, I found it a fascinating story that I wanted to explore in detail, and that is why I chose to write on it. Job was a righteou s man who lived in Uz with his seven sons and three daughters. He owned seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, five hundred yokes of oxen, five hundred donkeys and many slaves. Each year, he held a banquet where Job would have each of his children purified, for fear that they might have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. On the day that the angels came to attest before God, God pointed out to the accusing angel (Satan) how righteous and respectful Job was to Him. Satan claimed that Job's actions and character originated with evil and self-serving motives: Job is so righteous and respectful because he has no reason to act otherwise, but if God were to give him hardship, he would curse the name of the Lord. Satan challenges God to test Job, and reluctantly, God accepts. Here, we see Satan prodding the Lord, who is supposed to be almighty and knowledgable about everything, into testing one of his faithful servants for no reason other than to prove his loyalty. This explains w hy God sometimes strikes down the righteous for no apparent reason, but it also makes us question whether or not God truly has our best interest at heart. God seems to have the character of a small child here, wanting to uphold his name, to show Satan that he can too prove that Job is faithful. On Earth, Job was stricken with misfortune. All his children died of one tragedy or another, his animals were either stolen or struck by lightning. Job did not curse God, he rationalized the act, what God gives, He can also take away. He bragged to Satan about how faithful and righteous his servant Job was, like the small child we saw him as before. Again, Satan pushed God on, claiming that Job was still faithful and righteous because he had not been affected directly by God's test. He persuades God to test Job once more. This time, Job's health is destroyed in a most horrifying form. Job is covered in boils from head to toe so badly, that he uses a piece of broken pottery to scratch the dead flesh off with. At this point, Job's faith in the Lord is tested by his wife, who wondered why he is still so faithful to God. As we all know, the hardest part of faith is to believe when others around you do not, and can convince you that they are right while you are wrong. Still, Job rebuked his wife and refused to sin. Job had three friends: Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Namathite. These three friends heard of what happened to Job and came to offer their sympathy and grief. After about a week of prayers, Job finally broke down and cursed the day he was born. He wondered why life should be given to a person who desires only death, who has ceased to find any value in life, who

Mob Mentality Essay Example

Mob Mentality Essay Example Mob Mentality Paper Mob Mentality Paper History tends to repeat itself and while the context may differ, the causative factors are most likely the same. One repetitive action throughout history is religious persecution, two examples include; Nazi Germany and the Salem witch trials. While the groups being persecuted had almost nothing in common the causes of the persecution were very similar: mob mentality. The responsibility is shared and thus responsibility is diluted. Being in a mob alleviates people’s sense of morality because they are followers without conscious choice. There are differing opinions on why people participate in mobs and the basis for what results in unlawful and immoral acts. While some believe that mob mentality occurs because of our intrinsic primal instincts that derive from anger and fear, it is actually an external force of passionate persuasion that results in mob mentality. There are many beliefs about the causes of mob mentality; there are some who support the primal instincts hypothesis of mob mentality. Christyl Rivers, an Ecopsychologist who earned her Masters in Psychology from Pacific Lutheran University, believes that humans adopt some kind of â€Å"herd mentality† when in large groups (Rivers). This herd mentality causes people to lose â€Å"control of their usual inhibitions†; they do not follow their morals and sometimes act violently (Rivers). This mentality is sometimes seen at â€Å"soccer riot[s]† where property is being destroyed and spectators mindlessly join in. However, â€Å"herd mentality† does not always have to be violent, it can be defensive (Rivers). Often â€Å"defensive or protective circles spontaneously form against an adversary† where everyone in the group is set upon a common goal of protecting something and other thoughts and emotions are cast aside (Rivers). In addition to Christyl Rivers, Dossie Terrell, a state worker for the Social Security Administration and the Federal Child Support Enforcement Program, also believes that primal instincts are the cause of mob mentality. She believes that when conflict arises, bystanders â€Å"will give way to their primal instincts and jump into unplanned skirmishes† (Terrell). Humans are more evolved than other species accompanying us on earth and yet they still retain the same instincts. lose the ability to rationalize situations? Mob mentality is not caused by our primal instincts; instead it is caused by an external force of passionate persuasion. While there are many beliefs about the causes of mob mentality the actual cause may be an external force of passionate persuasion. One example of this is Nazi Germany. How was Hitler able to command and entire country with minimal opposition? It was simple, he used passionate persuasion to coerce many into believing what he was saying was correct. and through â€Å"the seven devices of Nazi propaganda† Hitler was able to mold the minds of an entire nation into taking part in the religious persecution of the Jews (Yellowthunder 6). The seven devices of Nazi propaganda, â€Å"name calling, card stacking, testimonial, flag waving, band wagon, transfer, and glittering generalities† persuaded Germany to retaliate against the Jews for something they did not do (Yellowthunder 7). Hitler blamed the status of Germany on the Jews and was so profoundly firm about his opinion that others began to follow him until most of Germany took part in the killing of the Jews. In addition to the propaganda Yellowthunder writes about the â€Å"nature of human social dynamics†. There is always dominance and subordination in society (Yellowthunder 2). In the situation where one has power over many, mob mentality occurs because people feel insignificant to the point where they do not question the orders of others. Many people today say that this is a lie but studies such as the Milgram Experiment where scientists tested to see how test subjects react to directions from authority figures even when those directs caused harm to others, have proven otherwise. Sixty percent of all the test subjects went up to the maximum voltage of 450-volts and many others came close (Yellowthunder 7). This experiment proved that people often listen to authority even when they know what they are doing is wrong. All of these examples including Nazi Germany and the Milgram experiment show how mob mentality occurs. It occurs because others perseveringly impose their opinions on others until the point where they mindlessly follow the leader. In addition to the religious persecution in Nazi Germany, groups such as the lynching mobs in Salem, Massachusetts were subject to mob mentality due to external forces. Glenn Greenwald, a US lawyer who graduated from New York University Law School believes this is true. In his article The Lynch Mob Mentality, Greenwald compares the mob mentality then to mob mentality today. During the Salem Witch Trials mob mentality occurred because â€Å"an authority figure appears and affixes a demonizing Other label to someone’s forehead† (Greenwald). Because someone with authority can indoctrinate his or her own ideas into the public’s ideas and it allows mob mentality to form and spread. No one questions what he or she is doing because they do not feel like it is their fault and therefore, they do not feel responsible. There is also the idea that people just follow the crowd because they are too scared to do otherwise. People conform because they are afraid to be different, so in the case of the Salem Witch Trials many people may have gone along with the lynchings because they were too afraid to say otherwise. Solomon Asch, a renowned Polish psychologist performed a â€Å"study of conformity† where test subjects hear actors say wrong answers to a question and when it was their turn to answer he recorded whether or not they answered the correct answer or the conformed and said the wrong answer (Solomon). In this study â€Å"37 or the 50 subjects conformed to the majority† (Solomon). This study suggests that even though people in society are capable of free thinking, they often conform and enter a mob mentality state because of an external force telling them to do so. Today even though society’s technology is more advanced, the same external forces that once caused religious persecution in the past continue today. While the present day population understands how mob mentality is formed, they do not fight it because they cannot, or if they can, they choose not to. For example, in North Korea, Kim Jong-Il rules a country because the Korean army follows his every command without questioning. Mob mentality lets him rule North Korea and while people everywhere attempt to shed light on this idea, the North Korean people continue to pay no heed. Mob mentality occurs in everyday life because of external factors that results in the subordination of people. Christyl, Rivers. â€Å"The psychology of mob behavior and crowd control. † n. pag. Web. 16 Dec. 2010. helium. com/items/1977174-psychology-of-mob-behavior-and-cro wd-control-hyseria-bubbles-groupthink-crowds-delusions. Greenwald, Glenn. â€Å"The Lynch Mob Mentality. † CommonDreams. org. N. p. , 5 Dec. 2010. Web. 16 Dec. 2010. commondreams. org/view/2010/02/05-6. â€Å"Solomon Asch experiment (1958) A study of conformity. Age-of-the-sage. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2010. age-of-the-sage. org/psychology/social/asch_conformity. html. Terrell, Dossie M. â€Å"The psychology of mob behavior and crowd control. † n. pag. Web. 16 Dec. 2010. helium. com/items/1842456-mob-behavior-crowd-control-animal-versus-human-behavior-internet-mob-mentality. Yellowthunder, Lois. â€Å"THE BEAST. † Hsdinstitute. org. Human Systems Dynamics Institute, n. d. Web. 16 Dec. 2010. hsdinstitute. org/learnmore/library/articles/THE_BEAST. pdf.

Summary of Tatars Text Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summary of Tatars Text - Essay Example The frustration in her heart infuriates her and gets her to the pavements along the streets. As she fantasizes on the best and desired life out of punishment and maltreatment by the dad, she gets into visions. The visions were linked to the effects of the condition she was in, hypothermia, but some counted real. She sees her grandmother in the tale as the only person who cared and never mistreated her in her life. And this has been part of her greatest desires ever in this irritating lifestyle. The conditions set for her going back home from the streets where she sold the matchboxes deprived her of any good reason to live under the sun. This forms the basis of her fantasies (Behrens and Rosen, 296-297). The frustration of the imagination of the situation of how it could be at home when she gets home without selling the expected amount of boxes gets her down into deep fantasies. She gets down onto a place within the street where she lights the matches as she visions her situation and links it to the desires that she wants to happen in her life. She lights her matches as she sees the Christmas tree as gorgeous and appealing to the soul. She then sees a falling star from the skies and this reminds her of the story the grandmother told her before she died. It was a signal that a person would die and was to be in heaven in a happy life. Of course, this is what she desires for. This thought of someone important dying and going to heaven does not scare her, and she surges on to light the next matchstick.

Citizens and globalization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Citizens and globalization - Term Paper Example Globalization can also be said to be as the intensification of the worldwide social activities which has been linked to economic and social activities of the economies (MacGillivray, 2006). The goal of globalization is to provide business world an utmost competitive advantage while having low operating cost to gain worldwide consumers, goods and services. Globalisation uses the diversification phenomenon for the use of resources. It is a strategy that provides a long range of products and services. It enables businesses to compete worldwide by diversification because it includes risk reduction in international trade. It promotes economic growth and performance for a nation. Looking at these factors it can be said that the people around the world do not resist globalisation. It is not a new factor even it has an economic roots i.e. international trade, finance, migration and ideology. The people as the members of the society as the consumers should behave positively with respect to globalization as this gives them the advantage to have a varity of goods and services from around the world (Ilmberger & Robinson, 2002). Globalization also involves innovation due to the commercialization of national technology across international boundaries that is high tech products (includes all electronic, electrical products etc.), all this helps consumers to have better goods and services and take the advantage of technology which is not available locally. Globalisation boosts international travel and tourism indirectly due to the international business. Immigration between countries, formation of free trade zones, growth of cross cultural contacts, enhancement in worldwide culture etc. is increasing due to the globalisation. This is leading to the improvement in the cultural and business practices of the nations and developing people and their business. As the consumer the people are getting advantage of getting different products and services which they have

Bag phone to Smart Phone ( Conception, to Design, to Implemetation and Assignment

Bag phone to Smart Phone ( Conception, to Design, to Implemetation and on to Operation then Decommission. CDIOD.) - Assignment Example Consequently, the paper discusses the impact of various design, and the manufacturing techniques that can be used in the production of mobile phones. Conception. A cellular phone is a wireless device that people use to communicate. Its Technology is based on the technology of radio that was developed since 1940’s. In 1843, Michael Faraday researched if electricity could be conducted via space. His study led to the development of cell phone. In 1865, Doctor Mahlon Loomis communicated first through the wireless atmosphere. He developed the idea of receiving and transmitting information via space as a conductor (Androulidakis, 2012 ). He was later awarded 50,000 for his study. The conception of cell phones is traced to the creation and innovation of police cars, taxi cabs, and other service motor cars whereby the radios enabled the police officers and taxi cabs to communicate with each other or a with the central station. Communication technology of cell phones can be traced to i ndividuals that had special radios patched on a phone line through a live operator when making a phone call. Police officers from Swedish used the first cell phone in 1946. The technology was linked to the network of a telephone and was unique of radio technology. The cell phone was less practical because it could make six phone calls before the battery of the car drained ( Bhowmik, 2008 ).. The modern mobile phone technology began when D.H. Ring created six sided cells for cell phones in 1947. Later on, an engineer for Bell Labs developed the idea of cell towers that would receive and transmit signals in 3 directions rather than two. However, despite the development of technologies, electronics and other technologies take years to mature. For example, the first cell phone’s electronics were developed in 1960. In 1967, the technology of mobile phone was available. However, the users had to station themselves within a single cell area. These regions that base stations serviced did not hand off phone calls from one station to the other. Despite users making calls, they were not able to make calls after attaining a certain range ( Goggin, 2006). A call hands-off system was developed by Amos Joel from Bell Labs in 1970. The technology enhanced un-dropped phone calls from one region to another. Even after developing the technology, in 1971 AT&T submitted a proposal to FCC for services of cellular. Approval took 10 years. In 1982, frequencies of 824-894 MHZ Band were allocated to Advanced Mobile Phone Service AMPS . In 1990, AMPS shifted from analog to digital service. Throughout the years, many technologies that led to the development of mobile phones existed. Mostly, the phones were available on vehicles because of large battery requirements. For example, the Mobile Telephone System that was developed by Erikson in 1950 was available in Sweden. Unluckily, it weighed over twenty pounds, which is ineffective when compared to today’s portable devices. 1 st Generation Cell Phones. The first portable cellular phone was unveiled by Motorola in 1983. The cellular phone was called Motorola Dynastic 8000X. The model was approved by FCC in the US. Motorola developed cellular phone technology for years and this model to over 15 years to enter the market costing over $100M. The

Universal declaration of human rights

Universal declaration of human rights INTRODUCTION Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) was adopted on 10th of December 1948 by General Assembly resolution 217(III).it includes civil and political rights, economic, social, Cultural and group rights. There are quests to transform the declaration to legally binding documents, United Nations eventually adopted the two covenants, that is International covenant on civil and political rights (ICCPR) and International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights (ICESCR) in two separate instruments. The reason for the separate covenants was clearer in different arguments by scholars. In the course of two streams of arguments on whether economic and social rights received United States and western allies support or not was highly polarised that US and Western allies advocated for two separate documents while the desire for single document for both economic and political rights were from USSR and developing counties and when there was need for agreement on both sides during the cold war, US therefore advocated for ‘signature of two separate covenants to allay many fear that division of the Covenant might prioritize civil and political rights over econ omic, social and cultural rights.It indicates that many countries were against proliferation of the covenants while US and allies supported the separation because a single document was then against its capitalist policy, federalism and US stakeholders support, the motion was moved by USA and its interest hold sway, the covenants were proliferated. As a result, human rights were classified into three sub division; the ‘first generation rights known as civil and political rights while the ‘second generation rights are economic, social and cultural rights and ‘group rights as ‘third generation rights.But USA till now has not incorporated the covenants in its national law. ICCPR and ICESCR will be adumbrated by juxtaposing them with other bill of rights. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS (ICCPR) The preamble of the covenant which was adopted in 1966 but ratified and came into force in 1976 acknowledged that the state parties to the covenants consider principles in the charter of the UN and recognized the civil and political rights in Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR) and duties of individual to other individuals and community.it can be said that this covenant has its foundation in Universal Declaration of Human Rights and UN charter .Currently, there are 165 state parties and 72 signatories to the ICCPR , 113   states are also parties to the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR..The Second Optional Protocol on abolition of death penalty was adopted for ratification in 1989 and came into force in 1991 with 71 state parties. The Covenant can be divided into a preamble and six parts, Part I -III (Articles 1 to 28) constitutes civil and political rights comparable to European and American conventions on Human Rights and African Charter on Human and Peoples rights and majority of these are ‘negative rights and briefly they are, the right to self determination,the right to life ,freedom from torture ,degrading treatment freedom from slavery and slave trade ,right to liberty and security,the right of detained persons,freedom from imprisonment from debt, freedom of movement and choice of residence,freedom of aliens from arbitrary expulsion ,right to fair trial ,Prohibition against retroactivity of criminal law ,right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law ,right to privacy, right of freedom of thought, conscience and religion, right of opinion and expression ,prohibition of propaganda for war and of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred ,right to peaceful assembly, freedom of association ,right to marry and found a family,rights of the child, political rights,equality before the law,right of person belonging to the minorities.Part IV to VI(Articles 28 to 53) contains monitoring provisions, interpretation and final c lauses. The First optional protocol has 14 articles with nexus to procedures on individual complaints while second optional protocol basically amended the right to life in article 6 of ICCPR. A cursory look at the rights shows they were copied from UDHR in order to develop it from ‘soft law to ‘hard law even the ones without nexus to it could be traced to other regional human rights, for emphasis, civil and political rights are in UDHR articles 2 to 21 while Articles 22 to 27 contains economic, social and cultural rights .ICCPR unlike Article 17 UDHR and ECHR first protocol did not however cover ‘protection to the right to property, it also did not contain rights to nationality and asylum. UDHR is normative declaration and statement of guidance in observance of human rights universally while ICCPR and ICESCR are legally binding instrument on the basis of the principle of pacta ,sunt servanda .it confers obligation on the parties because it arises from treaty. The advantage of UDHR is that all human rights and covenants relied on it and copied copiously from it, for example civil and political rights copied from, articles 3,4,5,6,9,10 etc; economic and so cial rights also copied from articles 22,23,24,25,26,and 27,importantly, ICCPR is the most comprehensive and well established UN treaty on civil and political rights.ICCPR and UDHR both share similarity by setting universal standard with the use of word ‘everyone ‘no one ‘all people, ‘all human beings. ICCPR nature as a ‘general and universal human rights treaty, most of its rights apply to every human being. Article 2(1) of ICCPR disallow any discrimination in the application of the rights, however, some of the rights are applicable only to certain categories of people like Article 6(5) restriction on death penalty is applicable only to pregnant woman and under 18 years of age. Article 27 is applicable only to ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. Article 12 on freedom of movement is applicable to lawful residents and not illegal immigrant. Article 25 on political rights is exclusive to citizens; Article 13 on lawful redress against expression is for alien. Article 24 is for children. Political rights in article 25 ar e not for alien but for citizens. The benefit of Article 14(2) and (3) is for those charged with criminal offences. A keen observation shows that some rights are more detailed in the covenant while some are in general terms, for example Article 6,9,10, and 14(restriction) are detailed while   others are generally mentioned. Other treaties however provided detailed provisions of the generally termed rights in ICCPR, for example, UN Conventions on Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Right of the Child, Convention against Genocide, Torture, Racial Discrimination and Declaration on Elimination of Belief or Religious Intolerance. Convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities, International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance.All these have generated civil and political rights into details. Most importantly however, Section 40(4) enables Human Rights Committees to comment while transmitting its report and by this explain the meaning of the rights under the covenant. Importantly, Article 2(1) talked about ‘positive character of civil and political rights ‘it means, as in the case of economic, social and cultural rights, that states parties must take positive steps to give effect to the covenant rights and to enable individuals to enjoy their rights.Some covenants on human rights are not without enforcement mechanism which is common in report system; whereby state parties submit report on the implementation of the rights in the covenant.Human Right Committee (HRC) has the monitoring task ascribed to it by article 28 of ICCPR to ensure compliance of state parties to their obligations and examine state reports in accordance to Article 40.It has inter-state and individual complaints procedure and this the committee has developed ‘far beyond the narrow limit of their legal framework due to its independent membership. The committee however lack power of forceful enforcement but only has persuasive enforcement power in term of submission of reports per time by state parties since they have obligation under Art icle 2(1) to respect and observe the covenanted rights. ICCPR substantive rights can be analysed further and in relation to incorporation of same in states national laws, many state parties had incorporated ICCPR in their national law and allow its invocation in national courts save countries like Australia, Canada, UK , USA and few othershowever, that does not mean ICCPR is not binding on these countries. Right to life in Article 6 is about ‘arbitrary deprivation of life and not about ‘absolute prohibition of taking life.In Guerreno V Columbia, where national law authorized killing by police on national interest. HRC found that national legislation could not justify Columbian police action of taking life ‘arbitrarily. In regards to the Socio Economic aspects of Article 6, right to life must not be seen in narrow perspective, right to life can also be deprived by hunger, diseases, malnutrition and epidemics .HRC confirmed that article 6 has an aspects of socio economic rights and many people died of these than being kill ed, it is submitted that death can be a result of absence of implementation of social and economic interest in ICESR. It is encouraging that HRC has addressed ‘socio-economic aspects of Article 6 which optional protocol lack ‘mechanism for its redress. HRC cited war, armed conflict and abortion of foetus as threat to life. Article 7 disallows torture, inhuman and degrading treatment ,and complemented by Article 10 which disallow a lesser treatment than that disallowed in Article 7.The article was expanded in scope by UN Convention Against Torture(CAT)1984.The act must be ‘malevolent and required   public official as perpetrator of it by consent as CAT committee agreed with the author in Dzemajl et al V Yugoslavia as well as HRC in Francis V Jamaica.It is submitted that torture can be a result of social and economic deprivation like lack of   housing facilities and gainful employment can cause people to sleep on the floor under the bridge which constitute tortur e. Also, solitary imprisonments without medical attention constitute torture. Few of the  Ã‚   rights discussed though constitute civil and political rights, nevertheless has economic and social interest and this is applicable to almost all civil and political rights, therefore, concern must also be given to economic   and social rights as well. INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS The covenant was adopted alongside ICCPR to develop UDHR rights, it contains ‘second generation rights. it was opened for signature in 1966.it came into force in 1976 with 155 States as parties as at January 2007.During the cold war, western countries showed preference for political and civil rights while socialist states became sponsors of economic, Social and cultural rights.ICESR covenant with new optional protocol has preamble that is similar to ICCPR that is, ‘founded on the inherent dignity of the human person. it also has five parts, Part I of the covenant is solely on Article 1,which on right of all people to self determination with free right to pursue economic, social and cultural development and right to deal freely with their natural resources and wealth. Part II of the covenant in Article 2 to 5 states obligations and clauses that are applicable to Part III generally. Part III constitutes substantive provisions, what Cravens called ‘the heart of the covenant includes, the right to work,the right of fair condition of employment, the right to join and form trade unions, the right to social securities, the right to protection of family right to adequate standard of living, the right to health, right to education, and the right to culture and enjoyment of scientific progress .Part IV is about system of supervision by submission of periodic report to UN ,the reports which will be scrutinized by economic and social council of the UN (ECOSOC).The   part also contain ‘saving clause with intention of ensuring   developed states did not interfere excessively by means of the supervisory system in the utilization of natural resources within developing countries.Part V is on ratification ,process of amendment ,its application to federal ,states ‘without   any limitations or exceptionsand its entry into forceSome of the article of the covenant are recognised in other international convention like Convention on the Rights of Child(1989),Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination(1965) e.t.c. The supervision of the covenant by virtues of Articles 16 and 17 is by Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), one of the UN organs, states send their report to the Secretary General of UN, who will in turn transmit the report to ECOSOC for consideration. ECOSOC in 1985 created a new body to assist in report consideration, the body is the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, now the main supervisory body. ICCPR, ICESCR AND PROTECTION Preamble of both covenants indicates they are both Civil and Political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights. The two covenants are like a coin with two sides. The 1993 Vienna declaration of programme of action recognised the ‘interdependence and interrelationship of both covenants. Both covenants contribute to the erga omnes principle and care must be taken trying to classify rights into ‘superior or ‘inferior, in hierarchical terms so as not to affect the credibility of human rights.Both covenant codified in treaty form the rights in UDHR. Parties can not terminates both covenants once ratified, it is an obligation that can not be denounced because they have no temporary nature.Both covenants believe in ‘collective right to self determination, the right allows ‘all people to freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural developmentand both instruments are legally binding and they are treaties that must be respected. Both instruments copied copiously from UDHR and both rights are product of cold war era between USSR and its allies and USA and its allies. Universa l language and terms are in the two covenants, UDHR shows the interdependency of the covenants before they were separated and made binding treaties. The compactness and interdependency still reflects in their articles, for example, rights to form Trade Union in ICESCR is recognised as freedom of association by ICCPR, Article 13 of ICESCR deal with education and liberty of parents to choose school for their children can be seen in Article 18 of ICCPR right of parents to choose religion and moral education of their child; Article 2 and 26 deal with prohibition of same discriminations and both recognise family They are interrelated to the extent that one will be miserable without the other covenant. The difference between the two covenants can first be seen in both covenants Artcle2 (1) of ICCPR is assertive while Article 2(1)   of ICESCR is passive .ICESCR is subject to the ‘maximum of its available resources and ‘with a view to achieving progressively while ICCPR put it that state parties ‘undertakes to respect and ensure compliance. The language in ICESR has been criticised ‘for devoid of meaningful content and only impose ‘programmatic obligations upon government. ‘The tenor of the economic covenant is promotional rather than mandatory, the covenant is designed to promote economic and social welfare, not to hinder it by placing states under obligations, that prevent widespread economic and social reformThe   enforcement machinery of ICESC is not as strong as that of ICCPR, State party under ICESC is to submit report every five years to the committee on economic, social and cultural rights(CESCR)with the aim of achieving same purpose as human right committee of ICCPR but of which the outcome of CESCR has been more ‘political than ‘legal exercisesUnlike ICCPR,ICESCR has no right of individual petition because the intention of ICESCR is not to interfere with ‘State Control over citizen and non citizen at the same pedigree as ICCPR.HRC according to article 40 of ICCPR, is the only mandatory monitoring procedure that the covenant established, it received report at the first year of its entry into force and subsequently in accordance to committee requests. Their report is publicly examined, the inter state procedure is not better than mediation and conciliation procedure and committee can only express its view on this basis which may not be accepted by state party, and Parties to First Optional Protocol had submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of Human Rights Committee, in ‘practice, a total of 844 individual communication relating to 59 states have so far been dealt with by the committee of which 248 were declared inadmissible and 308 were decided on their merits by so called final views under Article 5(4)of the optional protocol. ‘Decisions are neither legally binding nor politically enforceable and by implication, compliance are left at the mercy of relevant state organs for adoption of the committees recommendations which based its decisions on written submission of parties before it. SHOULD HUMAN RIGHTS BE PRIMARILY CIVIL AND POLITICAL ALONE? The two rights are sacrosanct to balanced protection of human rights since the two Covenants are interrelated; therefore one must not be neglected at the expense of the other. The juxtaposition of both covenants above shows that they are interwoven and interdependent, though this has been criticised as a compromise after the failure to equate ICESR with ICCPR which is not true. it is submitted that the foundation of both covenants made them equal but the cold war separated them and classified them into ‘generations of rights if ICESR had been considered with ICCPR as a single document, it would have been ‘ first generation rights as well, after all UDHR never desire the instrumental divorce. It has been argued at one extreme that economic and social rights are superior to civil and political in hierarchical standard of value, the argument well founded, for example, what essence is the political rights to an illiterate who doesnt know his right?   Economic and social right can correct this. Again, what essence is freedom of speech and expression to an hungry man? Economic and Social rights like right to work and right to food or standard of living can solve this. Displaced and homeless will only understand freedom of association as avenue for crime. it is therefore submitted that   total deficiency of social and economic interest will lead to counter productivity of civil and political freedom. if Social and economic   interest are deficient in mass and free civil or political will society, it will eventually hamper the latter. Hunger, Homelessness, economic frustration can cause violence and breach of civil and political rights, the civil and political problems in Rwanda, Somalia and Niger Delta in Nigeria were due to social and economic imbalance that ICESR can address for peace to reign. Economic and Social interest are instrumental to societal peace. Should human rights therefore be concerned primarily with protection of civil and political rights? The analysis above answers the question, the two covenants are contiguously related and where they are not, they complement each other. The argument of critics against economic and social interest can be summarised and dismissed as follow. That civil and political right has binding obligation language whereas economic and social right has passive and ‘progressive achievement.One may partially agree with this but law is not static, it has progressive formation of a binding nature, it only allow state party to have assessment of resources   for steady implementation. Another criticism is that to observe civil and political rights, state party has to abstain from doing act against the right s and these are ‘negative rights whereas state party has to intervene to observe economic and social rights and this makes it ‘positive rights. One may rightly say here that some civil and political rights required prompt intervention too like economic and social right. It has been argued that civil and political right are easier to implement because of little resources required while economic and social right required substantial resources for implementation. it is submitted that resources wasted in political right alone is enough to take care of economic and social interest, especially in developing countries, resources wasted on rigged election, bribery and corruption on political reasons and payment of political office holders is enough to fix economic and social interests. it is submitted that political rights in expression through democracy, is the most expensive rights in the world. ICESCR was criticised further that it lacked enforcement mechanism and that the co ntent of the right is not as authoritative as ICCPR. Argument premised on ICCPR Inter state and individual procedures of complaints while that of ICESCR is weak. This problem has received the attention of UN General Assembly when on 18 June 2008, HRC adopted Optional Protocol on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and   10 December 2008,UN adopted it, the optional protocol in its Article 2 provides for Inter State and Individual Complaint Procedure like ICCPR in economic, and social rights Complaints, Article 1 states that CESR can receive communication on breach of economic, social and cultural rights. The protocol was opened for signature in September 2009; this is a primary focus on economic and social interests. State membership and cooperation with International Organisations are making them to protect and promote indirectly and directly Economic, Social and Cultural rights, organisations   like UNDP, UNICEF and specialised agencies like IMF .ILO,UNESCO and few NGO in coop eration with chapter IX of UN charter. CONCLUSION The school of thought that believes that the two covenants are interrelated and interconnected is the best. Most Articles in ICCPR has economic and or social interest, Primary concern for civil and political rights only will collapse the rights itself. ICESCR is no longer weak in its enforcement with September 2009 open signature of its Optional Protocol. Giving primary attention to civil and political rights as opposed to economic interest is no longer in compliance with new World economic order, if States can fund political rights via democracy, they must be able to fund economic and social interest, many government of State parties that neglects economic and social interest do fail woefully in civil and political mandates, why? Because economic and political interest falls within primary values encompassing children and family interest and unit of family makes a state .it is high time States began to honour the covenant they entered into 33 years ago   (1976) with intention to b e bound   on pacta sunt servanda principle. The era of its gradual development is gone with 2009.Absence of war or conflict is not an assurance of peace and security but sincere determination in solving economic and social obstacles. Political and civil rights will only exist at the assurance of economic and social interest.

Henry Ford :: Henry Ford Essays

When Henry Ford was born on June 30th, 1863, neither him nor anyone for that matter, knew what an important role he would take in the future of mankind. Ford saw his first car when he was 12. He and his father where riding into Detroit at the time. At that moment, he knew what he wanted to do with his life: he wanted to make a difference in the automobile industry. Through out his life, he achieved this in an extraordinary way. That is why he will always be remembered in everyone’s heart. Whenever you drive down the road in your car, you can thank all of it to Henry Ford. Through his life he accomplished extraordinary achievements such as going from a poor farm boy to a wealthy inventor who helped Thomas Edison. When he was a young man, he figured out how to use simple inventions, such as the light bulb. He then taught himself the design of a steamboat engine. His goal was to build a horse-less carriage. He had come up with several designs and in 1896, he produced his first ca r, the Model A. When Ford’s first car came out, he had been interviewed by a reporter and when asked about the history of the car, he had said â€Å"History is more or less bunk.† Ford worked in Thomas Edison’s factory for years and the left to become an apprentice for a car-producer in Detroit. While working there, he established how he was going to make the car. He looked through hundreds of books on bicycles and books on horse and buggies. Ford decided to use wheels from a bicycle, and the same steel framing. From the horse and buggy, he took the idea of the shape of the actual frame. He also made a handlebar that was in the same place as horse rider for a buggy. When Henry For opened his first automobile plant, not only did it bring much attention to the industry, but it also made people want to own a car so that they looked â€Å"cool†. People knew that this was going to be a successful industry so they wanted to work in it. Even though most people t hink that the first true car ever made by Henry Ford was the Model A; they are actually being deceived. Henry Ford’s first actual cars were made for racing. Only a year or so later did Ford start making Model A’s.

Network Based Grading System

Such systems do not relate expectations, outcomes and performance. As each students desires to desire a good score for each assignment , exam, project and/or report, the whole Network Based Grading System Network Based Grading System is vital in this generation, specially to teachers and students. This is a seem that could Nag network based grading system system ay sis as MGM Gilligan as pantheon Nagoya Lola an as MGM student at as MGM guru.Dahl mass anabolism zeugma Eng MGM grades Eng student gambit nag sang system gay intoning network based grading system. Gambit nag computer pawed gaming tong system. 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NC' Skip to main content Skip to navigation Resources How To About INCUBI Accesses Sign in to INCUBI MAC US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Top of Form Search terminates database Search Limits Advanced Journal list Help Bottom of Form Journal List v. 23(7308); 2001 Gag 11 MIMIC 120936 BMW. 2001 Gag 11; 323(7308): 334-336. MIMIC: MIMIC 120936 A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines Robin Harbor, information manager and Juliet Miller, director for the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Grading Review Group Author information Article notes Copyright and License information This article has been cited by other articles in MAC.The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) develops evidence based clinical guidelines for the NASH in Scotland. The key elements of the methodology are (a) that guidelines are developed by multidisciplinary groups; (b) they are based on a systematic review of the scientific evidence; and (c) recommendations are explicitly linked to the supporting evidence and graded according to the strength of that evidence. Until recently, the System or grading guideline recommendations was based on the work of the IIS Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (formerly the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research). 1,2 However, experience over more than five years of guideline developm ent led to a growing awareness of this systemic weaknesses. Firstly, the grading system was designed largely for application to questions of effectiveness, where randomized controlled trials are accepted as the most robust study design with the least risk of bias in the results.However, in many areas of medical practice randomized trials may to be practical or ethical to undertake; and for many questions other types of study design may provide the best evidence. Secondly, guideline development groups often fail to take adequate account of the methodological quail ¶y' of individual studies and the overall picture presented by a body of evidence rather than individual studies or they fail to apply sufficient judgment to the overall strength of the evidence base and its applicant ability to the target population of the guideline.Thirdly, guideline users are often not clear about the implications of the grading system. They misinterpret the grade of recommendation as relating to its i mportance, rather than to the strength of the supporting evidence, and may therefore fail to give due weight to low grade recommendations.Summary points A revised system of determining levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for evidence based clinical guidelines has been developed Levels of evidence are based on study design and the methodological quality of individual studies All studies related to a specific question are summarized in an evidence table Guideline developers must make a considered judgment bout the generalizations, applicability, consistency, and clinical impact of the evidence to create a clear link between the evidence and recommendation Grades of recommendation are based on the strength of supporting evidence, taking into account its overall level and the considered judgment of the guideline developers In 1 998, SIGN undertook to review and, where appropriate, to refine the system for evaluating guideline evidence and grading recommendations. The review had three main objectives.Firstly, the group aimed to develop a system that would maintain the link between the trench of the available evidence and the grade of the recommendation, while allowing recommendations to be based on the best available evidence and be weighted accordingly. Secondly, it planned to ensure that the grading system incorporated formal assessment of the methodological quality, quantity, consistency, and applicability of the evidence base. Thirdly, the group hoped to present the grading system in a clear and unambiguous way that would allow guideline developers and users to understand the link between the strength of the evidence and the grade of recommendation. Go to: MethodsThe review group decided that a more explicit and structured approach (figure) to the process of developing recommendations was required to address the weaknesses identified in the existing grading system. The four key stages in the process identified by the group are shown in the box. The strength of the evidence provided by an individual study depends on the ability of the study design to minimize the possibility of bias and to maximize attribution. The hierarchy of study types adopted by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research is widely accepted as reliable in this regard and is even in box boxier. 1 Box 1 Hierarchy of study types The strength of evidence provided by a study is also influenced by how well the study was designed and carried out.Failure to give due attention to key aspects of study methods increases the risk of bias or confounding and thus reduces the stud's reliability. 3 The critical appraisal of the evidence base undertaken for SIGN guidelines therefore focuses on those aspects of study design which research has shown to have a significant influence on the validity of the results and conclusions. These key questions differ between hypes of studies, and the use of checklists is recommended to ensure that all relevant aspects are considered a nd that a consistent approach is used in the methodological assessment of the evidence. We carried out an extensive search to identify existing checklists. These were then reviewed in order to identify a validated model on which SIGN checklists could be based.The checklists developed by the New South Wales Department of Health were selected because of the rigorous development and validation procedures they had undergone. 4 These checklists were further evaluated and adapted y the grading review group in order to meet SIGN's requirements for a balance between methodological rigor and practicality of use. New checklists were developed for systematic reviews, randomized trials, and cohort and case control studies, and these were tested with a number of SIGN development groups to ensure that the wording was clear and the checklists produced consistent results. As a result of these tests, some of the wording of the checklists was amended to improve clarity. A supplementary checklist cove rs issues specific to the evaluation of diagnostic tests.This was eased on the New South Wales checklist,4 adapted with reference to the work of the Cochrane Methods Working Group on Systematic Review of Screening and Diagnostic Tests and Caruthers et al. 5,6 The checklists use written responses to the individual questions, with users then assigning studies an overall rating according to specified criteria (see box boxer). The full set of checklists and detailed notes on their use are available from SIGN. 7 Box 2 Key stages in developing recommendations Synthesis of the evidence The next step is to extract the relevant data from each study that was rated as avian a low or moderate risk of bias and to compile a summary of the individual studies and the overall direction of the evidence.A single, well conducted, systematic review or a very large randomized trial with clear outcomes could support a recommendation independently. Smaller, less well conducted studies require a body of evi dence displaying a degree of consistency to support a recommendation. In these circumstances an evidence table presenting summaries of all the relevant studies should be compiled. Considered judgment Having completed a rigorous and objective synthesis of the evidence base, he guideline development group must then make what is essentially a subjective judgment on the recommendations-?one that can validly be made on the basis of this evidence. This requires the exercise of judgment based on clinical experience as well as knowledge of the evidence and the methods used to generate it.Although it is not practical to lay out â€Å"rules† for exercising judgment, guideline development groups are asked to consider the evidence in terms of quantity, quality, and consistency; applicability; generalizations; and clinical impact. Increasing the role of subjective judgment in this way risks he reintroduction of bias into the process. It must be emphasized that this is not the judgment of an individual but of a carefully composed multidisciplinary group. An additional safeguard is the requirement for the guideline development group to present clearly the evidence on which the recommendation is based, making the link between evidence and recommendation explicit and explaining how they interpreted that evidence.Grading system The revised grading system (box (box)BE) is intended to strike an appropriate balance between incorporating the complexity Of type and laity of the evidence and maintaining clarity for guideline users. The key changes from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research system are that the study type and quality rating are combined in the evidence level; the grading of recommendations extrapolated from the available evidence is clarified; and the grades of recommendation are extended from three to four categories, effectively by splitting the previous grade B which was seen as covering too broad a range of evidence type and quality.

Marketing Planning, Orientations and Concepts The WritePass Journal

Marketing Planning, Orientations and Concepts INTRODUCTION Marketing Planning, Orientations and Concepts INTRODUCTIONMARKETING MARKETING PLANTHE MARKETING ORIENTATIONS OR CONCEPTSThe   Production ConceptThe Product Concept  The Selling ConceptThe Marketing ConceptThe Customer ConceptThe Societal Marketing ConceptMARKETING PLANNING PROCESSDEVELOPMENT OF MARKETING MIXTHE MARKETING AND SALES PLANNING PROCESSTARGET MARKETINGMARKETING PLANNING AIMS AND OBJECTIVESMARKETING PROGRAMSREFERENCES: Related INTRODUCTION Far – reaching changes have been taking place in the Indian economy during the recent past, consequents to the opening up of our economy through globalization and liberalization policies. The flood gates have been through thrown open to allow international competition for manufactured goods and as well as services, making it a question of survival of the fittest in any industry. In the present highly competitive economy, which can be called as Buyer’s market, it is the customer who wields full power. He can make or wreck a company. No wonder that the collective battle cry from sales and marketing people, retailers, wholesalers and advertising wizards alike is now ‘Serve the customer’, or ‘Delight the customer’. The customer who was considered the ’King’ is now treated almost like ‘God’, emulating the highly successful marketing people of Japan. When consumer expectations become higher and higher, superior market driven strategies or customer driven strategies and their execution in the market are important. Companies have to be fully customer oriented to succeed in the present competitive scenario, and should â€Å"Think Customer†, â€Å"Live for Customer†, â€Å"Smell Customer†, and â€Å"Build Customer Relations†. MARKETING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Marketing is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others†. – (PHILIP KOTLER 2007) THE AMERICAN MARKETING ASSOCIATION defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing is a performance of Business activities that directs the flow of goods and services from producer to customer or user†. These traditional definitions have undergone some changes and the new version is given as â€Å"Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of values with others†. Thus marketing is a communication channel through which the industry and consumers are communicated. MARKETING PLAN A marketing plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reason why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching goals and the way of reaching to the customer about to their product. Business plans may target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, tax- payer, or larger community.   When managing a business, a business plan, or B-plan, is often confused with the term Marketing Plan.   Marketing plans are decision-making tools.   There is no fixed content for a marketing plan.   Rather the content and format of the marketing plan is determined by the goals and audience. (Deboreh 2010) A marketing plan represents all aspects of business planning process; declaring vision and strategy alongside sub-plans to cover marketing, finance, operations, human resources as well as a legal plan, when required. For example, a business plan for a non-profit might discuss the fit between the business plan and the organization’s mission.   Banks are quite concerned about defaults, so a business plan for a bank loan will build a convincing case for the organization’s ability to repay the loan.   Venture capitalists are primarily concerned about initial investment, feasibility, and exit valuation.   A business plan for a project required equity financing will need to explain why current resources, upcoming growth opportunities, and sustainable competitive advantage will lead to a high exit valuation. Preparing a Marketing plan draws on a wide range of knowledge from many different business disciplines: finance, human resource management, intellectual property management, supply chain management, operations management, and marketing among others. â€Å"A good Marketing plan can help to make a good business credible, understandable, and attractive to someone who is unfamiliar with the business.   Writing a good Marketing plan can’t guarantee success, but it can go long way toward reducing the odds of failure†. THE MARKETING ORIENTATIONS OR CONCEPTS The marketing function or activities are conducted by various companies based on six alternative or orientations. They are: The   Production Concept The Product Concept   The Selling Concept   The Marketing Concept The Customer Concept The Societal Marketing Concept The   Production Concept   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The production Concept believes that consumers will favor products that are readily available at reasonable prices. Improvement in production and distribution efficiency will be the focus for managements under this concept. When the demand for a product exceeds the supply, manufacturers have too increase production. When the product’s cost is too high, the management has to bring it down to affordable levels. Production concept, though useful in some situations, could result in ‘Marketing Myopia’, according to Theodore Levitt. Companies following this concept focus too narrowly on their own activities and lose sight of the real objective of customer’s need satisfaction. The Product Concept   The product concept believes that the consumers will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance innovative features. Continuous improvements in product and quality are essential for companies that follow the product concept. So, this concept may also lead to Marketing Myopia. The Selling Concept This concept believes that the consumers will not buy enough of the company’s products unless it undertakes pressure selling tactics and heavy promotion efforts. Buyers are believed to have a buying inertia. This concept is especially used for unsought goods which buyers do not think of buying, like cemetery plots, life insurance, etc. The Marketing Concept This concept believes that achieving the company’s objectives depends on understanding the needs wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction in a better way than what the competitors are doing. The Customer Concept Many companies are today moving beyond the marketing concept to the customer concept. These companies shape separate offers, services and messages to individual customers, based on their individual preferences. They hope to achieve profitable growth through capturing a larger share of each customer’s expenditures by building high customer’s loyalty and focusing on customer’s life time value. EXAMPLE: Barbie Dolls, Levi Strauss jeans, Dell Computers. The Societal Marketing Concept This concept believes that organizations should determine the needs, wants and interests of target markets. It should then deliver superior value to the customers in a way that maintains or improves the consumer’s and the society’s well being. Society (Human welfare, environment) Consumers (Needs, wants and  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company (Sales volume, profits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Satisfaction)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and growth)    MARKETING PLANNING PROCESS The marketing Planning process consists of the following activities: Analysing market opportunities Selecting target markets Developing the marketing mix Managing the marketing efforts. At the center of the process stand the consumers. The objective is to build a strong and profitable customer relationship. The first step is market segmentation, targeting and positioning, to customers the company should serve and how. This process identifies the total market, and then divides it into smaller segments. The next step is to design a marketing mix consisting of factors under its control like : I. Product II. Place III. Price IV. Promotion For identifying best marketing mix combination and to put into action, the company engages in the activities like: I. Marketing analysis II. Planning III. Implementation IV. Control activities With the help of these, the company watches adopt to the actors and forces in the marketing environment around it. Fig.   The Marketing Planning Process 1, 2, 3,4   DENOTES: 1    Marketing Intermediaries  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 Market planning  Ã‚   2   Marketing Control  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 Competitors DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETING MIX   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The marketing manager is a mixer of ingredients, according to JAMES CULLITON, a noted Marketing expert, who coined the expression,† Marketing Mix† â€Å"The marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical, marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market† – (PHILIP KOTLER 2007) The marketing mix consists of the variables such as: Product Price Place Promotion These are well known as the Four P’s of Marketing as classified by McCarthy and this figure below gives clear description about the variables of marketing mix and its various tools.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Place stands for the goods and services offered by a company to the target market, to satisfy needs and wants. Price refers to money value that the consumers have to pay to buy for the product or services. Promotion refers to the activities of Advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and communicating products benefits and attributes to target customers to persuade them to purchase. Place stands for physical distribution activities through which the products moves from the industry to the customers. To be successful, the marketing programmes have to blend the 4 variables into an ideal integrated action plan aimed at achieving the corporate objective. While the 4 P’s concepts relates to the sellers perspective of the market. The other P’s which are included as 7 P’s of marketing are: Packaging Positioning People Packaging is the fifth element of the marketing mix, which refers to the outer physical coverage of the product or the way in which your product is appearing outside. Positioning refers to the present position of our product among the consumers. â€Å"How they think about our company? What position does the concern have in the market? What is the customer’s perception towards our product in the market?† these questions should be answered in the case of positioning of a product in the market. People refers to both inside and outside people, the former refers to the employees of the industry and the later refers to the customers of our products and services, where they are considered as the important resources of marketing our goods and services. The 7 P’s are a useful framework for deciding how the company’s resources will be manipulated (strategically) to achieve the objectives.   However, they are not the only framework, and may divert attention from the real issues.   The focus of the strategies must be the objectives to be achieved – not process of planning itself.   Only if it fits the needs of these objectives should you choose, as we have done, to use the framework of the 7 P’s. (Jackie 2010) The strategy statement can take the form of a purely verbal description of the strategic options which have been chosen. Thus these are the various tools and variables described under the marketing mix. THE MARKETING AND SALES PLANNING PROCESS Marketing process can be realized by the marketing mix in step 4.   The last step in the process is the marketing controlling.   In most organizations, â€Å"strategic planning† is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead.   Occasionally, a few organizations may look at a practical plan which stretches three or more years ahead. To be most effective, the plan has to be formalized, usually in written form, as a formal â€Å"marketing plan†. The essence of the process is that it moves from the general to the specific, from the vision to the mission to the goals to the corporate objectives of the organization, then down to the individual action plans for each part of the marketing program.   It is also an interactive process, so that the draft output of each stage is cheeked to see what impact it has on the earlier stages, and is amended. TARGET MARKETING To define a target market for your business plan, you should research the potential buying audience for your product.   This could range from millions of people if you are starting an online business, to a few thousand individuals if you are opening a retail store in a small town. If you are catering to the consumer market, narrow your potential customer base to a defined demographic group.   By doing so, your business will not only be more attractive to investors, but you will have a much easier time compiling sales and marketing plan. Study your product or service and determine the most likely consumer.   Define the age range, gender, marital status, and income level of the individual most likely to be your customer.   Explain the motivations for purchasing your product or service.   Is it a necessity or luxury? What value does this product bring? It’s best not to assume or guess.   Use surveys, questionnaires, or secondary research to gather your demographic data. Once you have defined the target market: Explain the purchase habits of this demographic group. Show how your company will impact those purchase habits. Explain the motivation behind this demographic group and how you will help them meet their needs. Project future changes in this market. Indicate how you will meet their changing needs. Base your future projections on research and details from your findings.   Make projection based on past buying habits, the average purchase amount, and other factors, such as your ability to make the products or services available.   The more you know about this target market, the more confidence you will have in your sales projections. The same need to identify your target audience (business-to-consumer market) will also hold true if you are serving a business market (business-to-business market).   You need to determine which companies will benefit from your products or services.   Will you meet the needs of a specific industry or several industries? Large or small businesses? Public or privately owned businesses? Define exactly the types of businesses that will buy our product or services and target them through your marketing efforts.   Determine how you will reach your target market, i.e. online, by referral, by cold-calling.   For more about learning about the customer you intend to pursue, read Use Demographics to Understand Your Target Market. Another way to look at target market is to consider how you are positioning your company and your products.   Read â€Å"What’s Your Position in the Market?† to get the basics of this important but tricky concept. MARKETING PLANNING AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Behind the corporate objective, which in themselves offer the main context for the marketing plan, will lay the â€Å"corporate mission†, which in turn provides the context for these corporate objectives.   In a sales-oriented organization, the marketing planning function designs incentive pay plans to not only motivate and reward frontline staff fairly but also to align marketing activities with corporate mission. This â€Å"corporate mission† can be thought of as a definition of what the organization is, of what it does: â€Å"our business is † This definition should not be too narrow, or it will constrict the development of the organization; a too rigorous concentration on the view that â€Å"we are in the business of making meat-scales,† as IBM was during the early 1900s, might have limited its subsequent development into other areas.   On the other hand, it should not be too wide or it will become meaningless: â€Å"we want to make a profit† is not too helpful in developing specific plans. Abell suggested that the definition should cover three dimensions: â€Å"customer groups† to be served, â€Å"customer needs† to be served, and â€Å"technologies† to be utilized.   Thus, the definition of IBM’s â€Å"corporate mission† in the 1940s might well have been: â€Å"We are in the business of handling accounting information [customer need] for the larger US organizations [customer group] by means of punched cards [technology]†. (Karunakaran 2010) Perhaps the most important factor in successful marketing is the â€Å"corporate vision.†Ã‚   Surprisingly, it is largely neglected by marketing textbooks, although not by the popular exponents of corporate strategy-indeed, it was perhaps the main theme of the book by peters and waterman, in the form of their â€Å"Super ordinate Goals†.   â€Å"in search of Excellence† said: â€Å"Nothing drives progress like the imagination. The idea precedes the deed.† if the organization in general, and its chief executive in particular, has a strong vision of where its future lies, then there is an good chance that the organization will achieve a strong position in its markets (and attain that future).   This will be not least because its strategies will be consistent and will be supported by its staff at all levels. In this context, all of IBM’s marketing activities were underpinned by its philosophy of â€Å"customer service,† a vision originally promoted by the charismatic Watson dynasty.   The emphasis at this stage is on obtaining a complete and accurate picture. A â€Å"traditional† – albeit product-based-format for a â€Å"brand reference book† (or, indeed, a â€Å"marketing facts book†) was suggested by Godley more than three decades ago: Financial data-facts for this section will come from management accounting, costing and finance sections. Product data-form production, research and development. Sales and distribution data-sales, packaging, distribution sections. Advertising, sales promotion, merchandising data-information from these departments. Market data and miscellany-form market research, who would in most cases act as a source for this information.   His sources of data, however, assume the resources of a very large organization.   In most organizations they would be obtained from a much smaller set of people (and not a few of them would be generated by the marketing manager alone). It is apparent that a marketing audit can be a complex process, but the aim is simple: â€Å"it is only to identify those existing (external and internal) factors which will have a significant impact on the future plans of the company.† It is clear that the basic material to be input to the marketing audit should be comprehensive. Accordingly, the best approach is to accumulate this material continuously, as and when it becomes available; since this avoids the otherwise heavy workload involved in collecting it as part of the regular, typically annual, planning process itself-when time is usually at a premium. Even so, the first task of this annual process should be to check that the material held in the current facts book or facts files actually is comprehensive and accurate, and can form a sound basis for the marketing audit itself. MARKETING PROGRAMS Marketing programs are the most important, practical outcome of the whole planning process.   These plans must therefore be: Clear – They should be an unambiguous statement of ‘exactly’ what is to be done. Quantified – The predicted outcome of each activity should be, as far as possible, quantified, so that its performance can be monitored. Focused – The temptation to proliferate activities beyond the numbers which can be realistically controlled should be avoided.   The 80:20 Rule applies in this context too. Realistic – They should be achievable. Agreed – Those who are to implement them should be committed to them, and agree that they are achievable.   The resulting plans should become a working document which will guide the campaigns taking place throughout the organization over the period of the plan.   If the marketing plan is to work, every exception to it (throughout the year) must be questioned; and the lessons learnt, to be incorporated in the next year’s planning. A marketing plan for a small business typically includes Small Business Administration Description of competitors, including the level of demand for the product or service and the strengths and weaknesses of competitors. Description of the product or service, including special features. Marketing budget, including the advertising and promotional plan Description of the business location,   including advantages and disadvantages for marketing Pricing strategy Market segmentation Operational plan Operational plans are an important element of writing a business plan and they notify business assessors for how business owners are going to release product/services into the market.   That’s why operational plans are also a very important part of writing a marketing plan. In simple words, operational plans help to understand ways for business reviewers, by which products are set to pass the production phase heading toward the targeted customers and these plans must be in the business plan outline.   Operational plans are a usual phenomenon in a how to write a business plan, but they outline crucial answers basic questions as such: What are the daily activities of a business? What is the raw material sources used? How will the company or business use vendors and suppliers? What are the labours requirements? Who is the product supplier? Operational plans need to ascertain the activities and finances for almost every section of the firm or business for the next 1 or 3 years.   Operational plans also connect with intended plans and the activities that the business may deliver to its customer base. Good operational plans ought to include: Apparent target areas Preferred results A procedure to supervise growth execution schedules Employment and resource requirements Quality levels Finally, activities which a firm or business may deliver to its targeted customers. REFERENCES: Deboreh (2010) International journal of Market research, â€Å" Agenda Development for marketing research† vol 52, pp 339 – 362. Luan (june 2010) journal of marketing research, â€Å"Forecasting marketing mix responsiveness for new product† vol 47, pp 444 – 457. Karunakaran (2010) â€Å"Marketing Management† The Himalaya publishing house 1st edition pp256 philip kotler  (2007) â€Å"Marketing Management† Analysis, planning, implementation and control 9th edition prentice hall, New jersey Baker, M., J.,Hart, S. (2007) the Marketing Book, (5TH edn.), Butterworth- Heinemann,UK.